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Mole Removal

Moles, also known as nevi, are common skin growths that can appear anywhere on the body. While most moles are benign and harmless, some can pose a risk of developing into skin cancer, particularly melanoma. Mole removal is a common procedure aimed at removing suspicious or unwanted moles for medical or cosmetic reasons.

Types of Moles

Moles can vary in appearance, size, and type. The main types of moles include:

  • Common Moles: Also known as acquired moles, these typically appear during childhood or adolescence and are usually less than 5mm in diameter. They can be round or oval, with a smooth surface and distinct edges.
  • Atypical Moles (Dysplastic Nevi): These moles are larger than common moles, often with irregular shapes and varied colours. They can have indistinct edges and may resemble melanoma, making them of particular concern.
  • Congenital Moles: Present at birth, congenital moles can vary greatly in size. Large congenital moles have a higher risk of developing into melanoma compared to smaller ones.
  • Spitz Nevi: These are dome-shaped, raised moles that are often pink, red, or brown. They can be mistaken for melanoma due to their appearance and rapid growth.
  • Blue Nevi: These moles are blue or blue-black in colour, caused by the pigmentation deeper in the skin. They are usually benign but can sometimes be mistaken for melanoma.

Moles are caused by clusters of pigmented cells called melanocytes. Several factors contribute to the formation of moles, including:

  • Genetics: A family history of moles can increase the likelihood of developing moles.
  • Sun Exposure: UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds can increase the number of moles and change their appearance.
  • Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause can lead to the development of new moles or changes in existing moles.

While most moles are benign and do not cause symptoms, it is essential to be aware of changes that could indicate a risk of skin cancer. The ABCDEs of melanoma provide a useful guide for identifying suspicious moles:

  • Asymmetry: One half of the mole does not match the other half in shape or size.
  • Border: The edges of the mole are irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined.
  • Colour: The mole has varied colours such as shades of brown, black, red, white, or blue.
  • Diameter: The mole is larger than 6mm (about the size of a pencil eraser).
  • Evolving: The mole changes in size, shape, colour, or elevation, or new symptoms such as bleeding, itching, or crusting occur.

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing moles and the risk of them becoming cancerous, including:

  • Fair Skin: Individuals with fair skin and light hair are more susceptible to moles and skin cancer.
  • Excessive Sun Exposure: Frequent exposure to UV radiation increases the risk of developing moles and skin cancer.
  • Family History: A family history of atypical moles or melanoma increases the risk.
  • Multiple Moles: Having a large number of moles increases the likelihood of developing melanoma.
  • Immune Suppression: Individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for skin cancer.

Treatment Options

Mole removal can be performed for both medical and cosmetic reasons. The method chosen depends on the type, size, location, and characteristics of the mole. Common treatment options include:
  • Overview: Excisional surgery involves removing the mole and a small margin of surrounding skin to ensure complete removal.
  • Procedure: The area around the mole is numbed with local anaesthesia. The mole is then excised using a scalpel, and the wound is closed with stitches. This method is often used for larger moles or those suspected of being cancerous.
  • Overview: Shave excision involves shaving off the mole with a scalpel at the skin’s surface.
  • Procedure: After numbing the area with local anaesthesia, the mole is shaved off flush with the surrounding skin. This method is suitable for raised moles that do not penetrate deeply into the skin. Stitches are usually not required.
  • Overview: Laser removal uses concentrated light energy to break down the pigment in the mole.
  • Procedure: The area is numbed, and a laser is used to remove the mole. This method is typically used for smaller, non-cancerous moles and may require multiple sessions. It is less commonly used for deep or suspicious moles.
  • Overview: Cryotherapy involves freezing the mole with liquid nitrogen, causing the cells to die and the mole to fall off.
  • Procedure: The liquid nitrogen is applied to the mole using a spray or a cotton swab. This method is suitable for small, superficial moles but is not commonly used for deeper or suspicious moles.

After mole removal, proper wound care is essential to promote healing and minimise scarring. Instructions may include:

  • Keep the Area Clean and Dry: Follow the surgeon’s instructions for cleaning the wound and changing dressings.
  • Avoid Sun Exposure: Protect the treated area from sun exposure to prevent pigmentation changes and promote healing.
  • Monitor for Complications: Watch for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or pus. Contact a healthcare provider if any complications arise.
  • Follow-Up Appointments: Attend follow-up appointments to ensure proper healing and to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider.

Given Australia’s high rates of skin cancer, preventative measures and regular skin checks are crucial. Recommendations include:

  • Sun Protection: Use broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, wear protective clothing, and seek shade during peak sun hours.
  • Avoid Tanning Beds: UV radiation from tanning beds increases the risk of skin cancer.
  • Regular Skin Checks: Perform monthly self-examinations to monitor existing moles and identify any new or changing moles. Annual skin checks by a healthcare professional are recommended, especially for those at higher risk.
  • Stay Informed: Awareness of the ABCDEs of melanoma and other warning signs of skin cancer can lead to early detection and treatment.

Conclusion

Mole removal is a common procedure performed for both medical and cosmetic reasons. Understanding the different types of moles, their causes, symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options is crucial for effective management and prevention of potential complications, including skin cancer. 

In Australia, where the rates of skin cancer are among the highest in the world, proactive measures, regular skin checks, and timely medical intervention are essential for maintaining skin health and overall well-being.

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